Reflective Diary on Health-Issues Personal Statement

Reflective Diary on Health-Issues - Personal Statement Example Hopefully they can care for themselves until they are much older, but there needs to be places for them to go when they do need care. Having more and more elderly care facilities built would alleviate some of the problem for the society. America's aging population. The "baby-boom" generation is entering its peak health-care-using period. In fact, over eighty million Americans will turn 50 in the next 10 years. The cost of providing health care to them will be staggering. (Lowery and Heuer) Many elderly people fall ill and are being taken care of by family until the resources are drained. What if they do not have family and they are not found in time, it just is upsetting that there are not more places to house them. Personally, we all have known an elderly person or someone who comes down with an illness. We are all affected by health issues. It was sad to have my grandmother have to go in a home because she couldn't walk. The reason it was so sad was that she wanted to stay in her home and live there until she died, but she couldn't. She had to be in a home. It took long, hard work to find a home where my grandmother could stay, but I am grateful that they had room. Lots of other homes were filled. Without more homes there will not be enough places to take in these elderly people that so desperately need care. I hope they make more homes to care for them in the future so that everyone can find a place to stay when they are older. Another health issue that I think about is the rising cost of healthcare and the lack of companies wanting to provide healthcare to their workers. As the cost of healthcare rises, so do the needs of the many people that need to get care. The people that depend on medicines to stay healthy also need ways to get what they need. Without health insurance the expenses are so enormous that they may not even go to a doctor without it. There should be coverage provided for all workers so that just in case something happens to them, they can afford to go to the doctor without going bankrupt. More than 18,000 adults in the USA die each year because they are uninsured and can't get proper health care, researchers report in a landmark study released Tuesday. (Sternberg) Another health issue that concerns me is the care that is given to illegal aliens when they are in this country without being a citizen. Because the hospitals have to care for anyone whether they are or are not citizens, they are taxing the system. Where as I agree that people should not be turned away from being cared for, I also understand that some illegal aliens come to the United States to utilize the hospitals to get medical care. That is a problem and one that needs to be corrected in some way. Well, as I would love to have the answer to solve that problem I really have no way of solving it. Other health issues that concern me are the diseases that do not have cures yet. We need to find cures for them as soon as possible and every effort should be given to help find those cures. The incurable diseases are too many, we should by now have cures for a lot of them and it seems that research should be funded more so that these cures are found and relatively soon. We all should be concerned that there aren't cures found for some of them yet, because they have been

Conflicts In Earnings Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Conflicts In Earnings Management - Essay Example Empirical studies suggest that managers have the propensity to report earnings that exceed the forecast of analysts, precisely because negative earnings surprises tend to trigger adverse market responses and critical judgment of managerial ability and performance. This fact leads companies to implement strategies that reduce the likelihood of undershooting expectations of the analysts. Several authors have explained that companies may avoid reporting negative earnings in a number of ways. One of those ways is to apply discretionary accruals in order to manipulate earnings in the positive direction, which is also referred as accrual based earnings management (Badertscher, et al, 2009; Cohen, Dey & Lys, 2008). Another way is to adopt the real earnings management technique, where managers undertake actual economic actions so as to maintain accounting appearances. Although earnings management technique is employed only to meet forecast of the analysts, it entails a fair share of conseque nces when this technique abused. This fact leads the researcher to comment on accounting fraud, whose occurrences has plagued the world economy significantly.   Accounting fraud can be committed by individuals in the form of implementing earnings management techniques frequently or by abusing the creative accounting methods. There are a number of motives that might compel an individual to take such an action (Das & Kim, 2011). Firstly, companies might resort to account manipulation strategy.

Overview Of Wilhelm II Foreign Policy

Overview Of Wilhelm II Foreign Policy Historiographical Debate: War Guilt Clause of Treaty of Versailles created popular perception that Germany was to blame for WWI. [You should beware such a determinist stance!: you must remember that Wilhelm II presided over 24 years of peace before war broke out in 1914.] In the 1920s and early 1930s, the general appeasement and conciliatory policies of the western powers modified this perception somewhat. Germany was seen, in this period, as having stumbled into war. However, by the late 1930s Hitlers aggression was making people re-think, again, the nature of German foreign policy, and the extent to which it was inherently expansionist and aggressive. In 1961 Fritz Fischer published his famous book (Germanys Aims in the First World War), which once again suggested that Germany bore prime responsibility for the outbreak of WWI, and that this had been systematically planned for since 1911. You must make some decision on this, after studying the evidence, as you will be expected to know about, and comment on, the Fischer debate. Wilhelms foreign policy can be subdivided/periodised into: End of the Bismarckian system 1890-1897 Emergence of Weltpolitik 1897-1907 Descent into war 1907-1914 End of the Bismarckian system: Lapse of reinsurance treaty with Russia Resulted in dual alliance between France and Russia 1894. This alliance between Russia and France was perhaps unavoidable. Caprivi had to make a strategic decision between Germanys alliance with Austria-Hungary and the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. He therefore allowed the Reinsurance Treaty to lapse, which pushed France towards Russia anyway, resulting in the Franco Russian alliance of 1894. Attempts to foster a British alliance failed: first Navy law emerged 1897 antagonistic competition with British fleet 1897 Italy joined Austro-German alliance Concluding remarks: in 1897 Germany fairly safe. Alliances existed which excluded her and there was the potential risk of encirclement, but neither France nor Russia really wanted conflict with a formidable military power such as Germany: Russia couldnt afford it (pre-industrial) and France had imperial interests to protect. However, H Holger pointed out that where foreign policy lies in the hands of an individual there is always a risk that their personality will influence affairsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Bismarck had played chess, Wilhelm II played poker 2. Emergence of Weltpolitik 1897-1907 Fritz Fischer saw 1897 as a turning point in Germany foreign policy. This was mainly because of the increased role of the Kaisers men in politics: Tirpitz, Posadowsky, Bulow you have already met, plus Holstein at the Foreign Office and von Miquel, the Prussian Finance Minister. Term used by Bulow, Wilhelm II and Hollweg Not an easy term! Basically 2 forms: Economic imperialism. This was informal and was based on the expansion of trading markets rather than political control. Political expansion / lebensraum, either overseas or in Europe. Economic imperialism was favoured by industry, who wanted new markets for goods. Economic expansion had been pursued earlier in Wilhelms reign, for example, into the near East, which threatened Russian grain trading interests there, and prompted a Russian move towards France. There were some industrialists who favoured political expansion, because it would give them direct access to raw materials. However, most industrialists preferred mere access to markets which economic imperialism would generate. Political expansion was favoured by the Kaiser, certainly, then mainly by the mittelstand (lower middle class) and agricultural workers, who saw their decreasing economic status in Germany and wanted opportunity for emigration and new start. This sentiment was partly reflected in internal migration and was such internal colonization (mainly of eastern territories) was facilitated by the Settlement Commission and Expropriation Law of 1908 (this can be seen as extension of Bismarcks policies!), but greater horizons were desired. In fact, G Geiss has argued that weltopolitikà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦came into existence as a red herring of the ruling classes to distract the middle ruling classes from social and political problems at home. Obviously, the army also favoured political expansion, as this would in turn increase their role, status and influence on government. Germany had entered the Empire Race late. She had acquired overseas colonies in Africa by 1890 (Togoland, the Cameroons, East Africa). By 1899 she acquired Pacific islands of Samoa, the Carolines and Marianas, and a strip of the French Congo in 1911 as part of the Moroccan Crisis deal. However, none of these colonies were profitable. For example, South-West Africa didnt cover the costs of administration, even once diamonds were found in 1908. Informal empire was much more lucrative, e.g Latin America and south east Europe. Government, banks and businesses cooperated well, for example, in providing financial backing for the completion of a Baghdad to Berlin railway, which would open up access to the oil reserves of the Ottoman Empire. This cooperation of multiple interest groups is Fischers hallmark of Weltopolitik in action. Impact of imperialism: Required an increase in military strength to pursue. The role of the army in foreign policy has been much debated. Porter and Armour argue that it would not be too much of an exaggeration to say that the army in Wilhelmine Germany was a state within a state G Craig also shares this view. Must remember that there was no German Army, except in war time. There existed four armies of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Wurttemberg, Prussian was the biggest. However, since 1874 the Army budget only reviewed by Reichstag every 7 years Septennat. After 1893, increased to once every 5 years. Army therefore financially independent. Plus, since 1883, the Army had direct access to Emperor. The Kaiser was personally very militaristic and had natural sympathy for the armys aims. The international situation was increasingly tense: ancient hostility of France exacerbated by imperial competition, the growing threat of Russia, brought about by economic competition. This gave the army an additional reason to push for expansion. In addition, the army chiefs sold the army to Wilhelm as the last stronghold against socialism and revolution. The status of the army as above the law was proven by the Zabern incident. Although Hollweg received rough treatment from the Reichstag over the incident, no action was taken against the army officers involved. In fact, there was widespread sympathy for the army! M Kitchen goes so far as to argue that the army was one of the most popular institutions in the Second Reich. This is possibly linked to the fact that the unification of Germany was largely owed to the Army, who had created the state without defeat and was seen to be able to defend it in similar fashion. Nevertheless, Germanys army not significantly increased until army laws 1912-13 This was because: -army officers mainly Junker aristocrats didnt want increased middle-class element in officer class which would have been inevitable result of expansion in armed forces -the army didnt have the ability to train a larger army effectively. Descent into war 1907-1914 You could be forgiven for thinking that was must have been inevitable, if strategies to cope with a two front war had been developing since the late 1890s (even though Schleiffens plan wasnt made public till 1905). However, the situation in 1900 was not entirely unstable. Yes, Russia was growing in strength and in hostility to Germany, as a result of economic competition in the near east. Certainly, Britain and France were becoming concerned about Germanys Imperial ambitions. Yet, in 1900, even though Russia and France were allies since 1894, this threat was balanced by the counterweight of British neutrality. In addition, none of these powers were interested in war if it could be avoided Russia didnt have the might, and Britain and France had priorities elsewhere. So, why did war break out in 1914 and why has Germany often been held responsible? It could be argued that the biggest miscalculation in German policy was Tirpitz risk theory. He thought that if Germany built a navy to rival Britain, Britain would be intimidated and would seek an alliance with Germany. Bulows views compounded this miscalculation. He believed that a conflict between Britain and Russia was inevitable (?!). He preferred to side with the Russians, but only once he was sure they would win. So, for Bulow, building a navy to rival Britains would help Germany maintain a free hand where they could preserve good relations with both nations and await the outcome, which would be Britains defeat, at which point having a powerful navy would enable Germany to supplant Britain as the major world power! The reality of Britains reaction was the opposite to what Tirpitz and Bulow anticipated. The Navy Laws of 1898 and 1900 made Britain nervous and hostile. As a result, she sought alliance with France and Russia instead. In 1904 the Entente Cordiale was signed by Britain and France. In 1905 the German attempt to undermine Anglo-French relations by provoking the first Moroccan crisis backfired. Spain had granted France a virtual protectorate in Morocco. In direct challenge, the Kaiser landed in Morocco in 1905. It seems likely that the Kaiser wanted to test the Entente, to see if Britain, in particular, would support Frances claim. She did. The attempt to divide France and Britain had failed spectacularly. The resulting Algericas conference, called to resolve the crisis, was a diplomatic failure for Germany in 1906; Germany was forced to accept a French protectorate in Morroco. In addition, Bulows attempt to divide Britain and Russia also failed. Bulow attempted to stir up trouble between Britain (Japans ally since 1902) and Russia during the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5. Both parties were annoyed. By 1907 Russia and Britain had joined a Triple Entente with their mutual ally, France. Moreover, Britain made it clear that she was not prepared to allow Germany to dominate the seas, and entered a naval race. Even Bulow, in 1908, voiced his reservations with existing policy and suggested that Britain may be able to blockade the German navy in her harbours, should conflict arise. This would render Germanys expensive navy useless. Bulow further suggested to Tirpitz that it may be worth investing rather in improving coastal fortifications and creating a strong submarine fleet. Tirpitz disagreed. It is interesting to speculate on how differently the first world war would have turned out had investment been made along the lines Bulow suggested! Yet, even at this point, Europe was still about 7 years away from war! Germany could have neutralized Britain had she removed the threat of a naval race and limited her Imperial ambitions. Yet Bulow persisted in his policy. The naval laws of 1906 and 1908 prompted Britain to build the Dreadnought a battleship more powerful than anything the Germans held! Germany then supported the Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908, which only served to anger Russia, to de-stabilise the Balkans and, at the least, to irritate Britain and France on Russias behalf. The appointment of Hollweg in 1909 was a possibility for rapprochement. He actively sought an Anglo-German alliance. However, the Kaiser, Tirpitz and the army continually thwarted him. In addition, Tirpitzs propaganda techniques had created such popular support for naval expansion that it became impossible for Hollweg to back down from this policy without losing public support, particularly given the stalemate that existed in the Reichstag. In 1911 France contravened the Algeciras agreement and Germany was awarded a strip of the French Congo in compensation. But this further damaged Anglo-German relations, as Britain came to the support of France against what she saw as German bullying. The alliances were crystallizing into military camps. The Balkan wars of 1912-13 were a further de-stabilising influence, as the crumbling Ottoman Empire created a power vacuum in the region, which brought Austrian and Russian interests (and, therefore, those of their allies) into direct conflict. The Kaiser called a war council in 1912, resulting in an increase in the size of the army in a law of 1913. However, no real war planning was in evidence. In addition, Edward Grey, the British Foreign Secretary, was still pushing peace talks as late as 1914 (although this doesnt necessarily imply similar German desire for rapprochement!). Was Germany foreign policy the result of domestic policy? This is sometimes called social imperialism where expansion is the result of an attempt to distract people from problems at home. VR Berghahn argues that Germanys foreign policy was dictated by rapid industrialisation If one considers sammlungspolitik the alliance of steel and rye (industry and agriculture) from 1897 in their joint bid to crush socialism, one can perhaps see that domestic issues were perhaps pressing enough to warrant distraction! However, this is a somewhat simplistic argument and you should offer a variety of alternative causes for Germanys foreign policy such as -the power of the army -Wilhelms personality -industrial interests (in their own right, rather than as a challenge to socialism) -competitive imperial climate of the time -recent unification set militaristic tone for nation and also encouraged expansion as means of further consolidating status of nation in Europe -anything else you can think of! So, was Germany set on war in 1914? 4 interpretations: Germany deliberately unleashed war for continental and even world hegemony Fischer (not born out by the evidence) Hollweg provoked a diplomatic crisis which he knew might lead to war, because he was more afraid of Germanys isolation than he was of war. (unlikely, not really much evidence that anyone was concerned about isolation, even after the Moroccan crises) All nations were equally responsible for the outbreak of war (wishy-washy, fence-sitting argument avoid) War wasnt planned or pre-determined, but was an acceptable option as the German government expected war to be both short-lived and winnable (very plausible the Kaiser was influenced by the armys advice, the army believed they could win as they had a great track record and a now expanded force, and the chaotic nature of the Wilhelmine government meant that Hollwegs moderating influence would not be heard)) Porter and Armour argue that the German government, by 1914, was looking for a chance to break out of encirclement, confident of its strength and determined to seize on the first suitable pretext for demonstrating this Hollweg continually maintained that German expansion required agreement with Britain and that, if he could pick on Russia over an issue which didnt involve British interests, he would be successful, and war would be avoided. The assassination of France Ferdinand provided just such an opportunity. Russia came to the aid of Serbia against an unjustifiable Austrian ultimatum. It is true that Germany was secretly complicit with Austria in drafting the terms of the ultimatum. This could be seen as deliberate provocation of war. The terms of the Triple Alliance allowed Germany to see Russian mobilization as a threat to Austria, and therefore an occasion to defend her. The Schlieffen Plan, with its necessary killer blow to France to be delivered first, required speed. Thus once Russian mobilization began, war in Europe was inevitable. On 1 August Germany declared war on Russia. On 3rd August Germany declared war on France. On 4 August Britain reacted to the violation of Belgian neutrality and declared war on Germany. So, it seems that war in 1914 was really little more than a ludicrous miscalculation on the part of Germany. Agree or disagree? The choice, as ever, is yours! Timeline of Foreign Policy, 1890-1914 1890 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bismarck is dismissed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Germany refuses to renew the Re-insurance Treaty with Russia, who therefore starts to look to France for friendship. 1891 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Franco-Russian Entente: Germany anticipates a war on two fronts and draws up the Schlieffen Plan. Looks to Britain for an alliance. 1894 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Franco-Russian Alliance confirms Germanys fears she now looks more to Britain. 1896 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kruger Telegram: Germany tries to show Britain how isolated she is to frighten her into an alliance, but merely infuriates Britain. 1898 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ First Naval Law hopes to scare Britain into an alliance. Germany demands a high price for her friendship, reasoning that British alliances with France and Russia are unlikely due to their ancient enmity. Therefore Germany rejects Britains alliance propositions, thinking that they are too favourable to Britain. 1899 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Fashoda incident aggravates Anglo-French Relations (or so Germany thinks). Encourages Germany to demand a still higher price. Britain feels isolated. 1900 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Second Naval Law attempts to frighten Britain and fails. 1901 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Anglo-German talks once again collapse. 1902 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Anglo-Japanese Treaty: France doesnt want to be drawn into a Russo-Japanese war (and therefore have to fight Britain) due to the Franco-Russian alliance, so she seeks agreement with Britain. Germany begins to feel uneasy. 1903 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Murzsteg Agreement: Austria-Hungary and Russia agree to maintain the status quo in the Balkans for 5 years. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Serbian pro-Habsburg monarchy overthrown in favour of a pro-Romanov one: signifies beginning of Austro-Hungarian enmity for Serbia. Austro-Russian relations remain tense. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Edward VII makes a triumphant visit to Paris. 1904 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Entente Cordiale: Alliance of friendship between France and Britain. Germany feels increasingly isolated and sees the chances of an Anglo-German alliance diminishing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dogger Bank incident after Russo-Japanese declared: Germany hopes it will aggravate Anglo-Russian relations, but France keeps them on good terms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war. Russia turns back to the Balkans instead of the Far East for expansion and Britain no longer sees Russia as a threat and is therefore more willing to ally with her. 1905 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Germany sees this and arranges the Bjorko Treaty with Russia, but it is incompatible with Franco-Russian alliance and so is rejected. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Germany tries to split the Entente Cordiale in the Moroccan Crisis, but only succeeds in revealing the weaknesses of the Triple Alliance (as Italy deserts her), strengthening the Entente and bringing Britain and Russia closer as they are on the same side for once. Germany falls back even more on Austria-Hungary. 1907 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Anglo-Russian Entente confirms Germanys fears of being encircled and she relies even more on Austria-Hungary. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Third Naval Law does little to worry Britain. 1908 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Daily Telegraph Article by Wilhelm fails to persuade Britain that Germany is friendly and that her naval building is purely defensive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Young Turk Revolution makes Austria-Hungary eager to annex Bosnia before the Turks become too strong to resist. Henceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Bosnian Crisis: Germanys virtual isolation forces her to support Austria-Hungary, which has the unpleasant side-effects of (a) making Austria-Hungary more aggressive (b) Increasing the Ententes enmity towards Germany. Russia is diplomatically defeated and is determined never to be again. Austria-Hungary becomes more cocky. Germanys support for Austria-Hungary now becomes certain. 1911 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Agadir Crisis: Shows how Germany was more eager to extend her influence than to improve her foreign relations. Once again her isolation and her unpopularity are brought home to her. 1912 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Balkan Wars make a strong Serbia: Austria-Hungary is determined to crush her before she gets too strong. 1913 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Britain, France, Russia and Germany all make military improvements. 1914 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Assassination of Franz Ferdinand gives Austria-Hungary an excuse to attack Serbia. Tasks: A. Research: If you are working as a group, divide the main events (highlighted in bold) between yourselves. Each person should research their event in more detail using any sources available to them, and then report back to the group with either a handout or a presentation. B. Analysis: (i) What was the main turning point in international relations between 1890-1914? Explain your answer. (i) To what extent can Wilhelm II be blamed for the outbreak of the First World War? F:AQA Germany Option GEra of Wilhelm IIRel between Wii Foreign and Domestic Policy SWK ex.pdf Discussion Identify When was Schlieffens war plan unveiled? 1905 Name the historian most associated with the theory that Germanys planned aggression was primarily responsible for the outbreak of WWI Fritz Fischer In what years did Germany pass Army Laws? 1912-13 In what years did Germany pass Navy Laws? 1898 1900 Describe How was the Schlieffen plan supposed to work? -as soon as Russia mobilised, Germany to attack France. This was because Russia would take 6 weeks to fully mobilize and, if G could defeat F in that 6 week period, she could avoid war on 2 fronts. Attack on F would be through Belgium, in violation of Belgian neutrality protected by GB. G didnt think GB would get involved despite treaty, as GB only had small army and didnt really want to involve herself in European affairs. If G could defeat F quickly, may be no point in GB mobilizing. Also G didnt really see GBs army as much of a threat, so was risk worth taking. G to march round the rear of Paris and seize capital before F troops could return from Maginot line forts. Once capital secured, country defeated. Holding force could then be left and main G army returned to east to fight Russia. What was Tirpitz risk theory? -if Germany built a navy to rival Britain, Britain would be intimidated and would seek an alliance with Germany What is H Holgers quote on the difference between the FP of Bismarck and Wilhelm? Bismarck had played chess, Wilhelm II played poker How have Porter and Armour described the army in Wilhelms Germany? -state within a state Explain Why was the army so powerful? -financially independent sinceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ -had ear of Kaiser since.. -Kaisers personal interest in militarism -public support -since unification and also because Tirpitz Navy League (1898) created a propaganda campaign to mobilize public support Why did the size of the army not really increase until 1912-13? -army elites didnt want increase in middle-class presence -no facilities for training Why did Britains hostility towards Germany grow? -Tirpitz risk theory Navy Laws of 1898, 1900 -imperial competition -irritation at Germanys meddling during the Russo-Japanese war -Germanys support for A-Hs annexation of Bosnia 1908 Why was Hollweg unable to achieve an Anglo-German alliance? -thwarted by military interests -public support for militarization Why did Russia feel threatened by Germany?  ­-economic competition for grain markets in near east -German support for Austrian destabilization of/expansion into the Balkans Why is Wilhelms foreign policy in the years preceeding WWI such a hot topic for debate amongst historians? -because of the later aggression displayed by Hitler.in trying to understand the nazi regime, historians try to decide whether Hitler was an aberration or whether aggressive expansionism of Hitler part of a wider trend in German history. Why does Fischer see 1897 as a turning point in Germanys Foreign Policy? -Kaisers men in key positions How could the Morocco crisis of 1905 be seen as an attempt to challenge the Entente? The Kaisers direct challenge to French interests there was a deliberate attempt to see if GB would support French claim Analyse Was Weltpolitik a genuine threat to peace? How serious a threat was encirclement to Germany in the period 1904-1914? Was Germany seeking war in 1914?

Health of Elderly Australia Essay -- essays research papers

How is Australia’s aging population supported by the Australian Health Care System? PREAMBLE Since 1901 Australia’s elderly population has had a dramatic rise with it estimated that 65-year olds make up just under 15% of Australia’s population (Northern Health Research). The median age of the country has risen from 22 to 35 years and people age 0-14 has decreased from 35.1% in 1901 to 20.7% in 2001 (Mayne Health Research). As this â€Å"greying of the nation† continues mirroring global trends, there has been an influx of residents admitted into aged care facilities around the country. The aim of this report is to perform a case study on an elderly member of the community cared for at the St. Paul’s Aged Care Centre in Caboolture, after visiting the facility every Friday for a period of five weeks. Not only will the residents health be investigated but also the effectiveness of the aged care centre to cater for the rights and needs of the residents in relation to the Ottawa Charter. Suggestions will be made on how the centre could be improved in th e future culminating in a detailed summary of the report’s findings. INTRODUCTION Upon commencing weekly visits, each group of students was assigned a particular resident and advised to monitor their health, behaviour and needs. After being assigned an elderly gentleman by the name of Ken, it quickly became evident the reasoning behind his care. Ken was suffering the early stages of dementia often forgetting names and having short-term memory loss. According to the Alzheimer’s Association in Queensland, early stages of dementia involves the destruction of brain cells in isolated areas often with first signs being short-term memory loss. He was also suffering severe arthritis of the left knee that seemed to be afflicting each of his elbows as well. Arthritis is a term loosely applied to inflammatory, metabolic, or degenerative diseases involving one or more of the joints (Collier’s Encyclopedia). It is a prevalent, crippling disease affecting tens of millions worldwide (www.arthritis.org/). The final health concern noticed was Ken’s social unac ceptance. Often reluctant to join in with conversations and games, Ken seemed very isolated and lonely, probably further reinforcing the signs of dementia setting in. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On completion of the weekly visits and looking back on the time spent with the residents, ... ... the facility encouraging a more sociable and homelike setting. This would further enhance resident’s social wellbeing allowing a friendlier environment to be created and according to Dr. Luke Ryse,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A person who is living a life in a favoured setting is less likely to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   suffer stress, depression and anxiety often associated with aged  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   care facilities.† (www.agecare.com/oz/st/) Another improvement would be to give greater freedom to the residents. Maybe have meals at different times in the evenings giving them a sense of control and also allow residents accompanied visits outside the facility on a weekly basis. Both would lift spirits in centre and are improvements that are easily attainable. They allow residents greater independence and as mentioned earlier, this fosters better health. However apart from those two areas, the St. Paul’s Aged Care Facility in Caboolture is effectively caring and adhering to the needs of the elderly in conjunction with promoting health through the implementation of the principles of the Ottawa Charter.

Music publication through what was relevant in society

Dear Miss Bethany Sharp, I have done extensive research into the following magazines in order to conclude their success as a music publication through what was relevant in society. NME 1950's What was Society like? It was the end of wartime rationing from World War 2 and there was now a consumer society. Teenagers had now been given spending power but no means of entertainment but magazines. Rock ‘n roll hit the scene with a new audience, the emerging youth culture had now taken the music scene and Rock was now dismissed by older generations. This type of music was popular mostly with teenagers who were trying to break out of the mainstream idea of the middle class. Also, The US had now created their own Hot 100 Music Charts – NME responded to the change in Society so because teenagers wanted to break out of the idea of middle class that Editors decided to publish adds in the magazines content ‘wanted: hip young gun slingers'. NME did this so that they could get new, fresh writers who represented part of the audience; therefore they were part of the music scene and would have a more informal mode of address, therefore relate as well as appeal to them, creating success for the magazine. – NME responded to the change in Society that the US had now created a music chart, so NME they decided to introduce the first British Pop charts. It appealed to the audience and created success as it was the best selling singles chart in the UK and in a sense influenced the audience in what to listen to and what was part of the music scene. 1960's What was Society like? London spent much of its time swinging and dancing as much of the music scene. The nation became more obsessed with political and cultural events. The British invasion of rock and roll, beat and pop performers now appeared by performers such as The Beatles. – NME responded to the change in Society to embraced the new British groups emerging at the time; The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were arguably the two most renowned groups to emerge during this 60's and they were frequently featured on the front cover. – NME responded to the change in Society because it was between January and June 1964, NME's sales peaked to 306,881 that as the Beatles and the rolling stones were taking on the music scene, NME was left to track the new rock music. 2000's What was Society like? Society has now become multi-platform and fast paced because of all the new mediums and the use of synergy – technology has now become a necessity to everyday life – NME responded to the change in Society as technology was becoming more used in everyday life, i.e. the internet, NME felt that it might lose sales as factors such as piracy and easy accessible information can come about, so NME absorbs part sister/rival publication melody maker in 2000. – NME responded to the change in Society because technology was becoming more widespread that NME decided to feature on radio and television coverage in order to become more multi-platform and thus making it more successful – It appealed to the audience because NME had coverage on NME awards and weekly NME chart show on MTV2. NME had taken further steps than being just a magazine. – NME responded to the change in Society so the NME magazine as the music scene was becoming younger, NME introduced Club NME nights across Britain and to the US. Smash Hits Late 1970's/1980's What was Society like? Society was now full of mass unemployment and there were now a social unrest- people where now angry at the government and there were now anti-rebellion teens. Punk was introduced and the idea of being rebellious, bands like the sex pistols started to make the music scene. – NME responded to the change in Society so the Smash Hits magazine As the new music scene was young socialites and looking good was important, Smash Hits was a new glossy magazine for younger audiences . It used niches which appealed to younger audiences because it focused around â€Å"trivia† (What is your favourite colour? etc.) they used this informal mode of address to create success – It appeals to the audience to create success because it talks about lives and gossip, something the audience was looking for. – NME responded to the change in Society so the Smash Hits magazine as the magazine was talking to a new audience it created a new mode of address; it was now informal and colloquial – chatty because it had to represent the audience in order to create success. 1980's What was Society like? Cable and MTV were introduced; it had an enormous impact on the music and young people. The CD revolutionized the music industry. Music such as Pop, Rock, new wave, Punk, country, Rap and Hip-hop became popular. – NME responded to the change in Society so the Smash Hits magazine It was because the music scene had became widespread and there were much more genres that Smash hits went on to hire many respected journalists 2000's What was Society like? Society has now become multi-platform and fast paced because of all the new mediums and the use of synergy – technology has now become a necessity to everyday life – NME responded to the change in Society so the Smash Hits magazine a whole new range of platforms including Television, the internet, mobile and so on were introduced, the magazine became multi-platform as the audience became more industrialised to create success – It appealed to the audience because Today's teens wanted faster, deeper information about music at a faster rate of accessing information, they were now able to do so. – NME responded to the change in Society so the Smash Hits magazines started to notice that the group allegiances to pop and rock had changed, magazine realised it had to change so became more multi-platform – Magazines became more synergised, using television, radio, websites etc. This was because technology was growing and so was the young audience. – NME responded to the change in Society so the Smash Hits magazine Because the audience and the music scene were changing, the magazine had to change. Smash hits decided to keep the genre the same although it became multi-platform. – It didn't appeal to the audience and the audience moved on, however it managed to continue using different mediums such as television, digital radio and website services Sniffin' Glue Late 1970's/1980's What was Society like? Society was now full of mass unemployment and there were now a social unrest- people where now angry at the government and there were now anti-rebellion teens. Punk was introduced and the idea of being rebellious, bands like the sex pistols started to make the music scene. – NME responded to the change in Society so the Sniffin' Glue magazine Young socialites wanted to be part of the music scene, so they wanted to belong to a group, The Sniffin' Glue publication is one that is a fanzine – It appealed to the audience because this means it is exclusively made by fans for fans for a specific genre – Punk Zine, this meant the audience could relate to Gigs and so on. It also appealed to the audience because it meant that it could remain very Punk and shocking through the mode of address such as the aggressive and vulgar language but managed to remain very political toward the audience through the points it made. – NME responded to the change in Society so the Sniffin' Glue magazine It was because the audience wanted to be heard that the publisher Perry encourages reader to make their own fanzines so sniffin' glue had less circulation – It appealed to the audience because it Introduced the British punk culture and DIY Punk ethic so fans created their own fanzines. By doing this they kept the audiences demands and met theirs, overall creating success – It appealed to the audience as the mode of address was very opinionated, they were able to say what they wanted a it was a non-profit fanzine – They appealed to the audience as they represented them through the cover as it very punk and shocking almost making a political statement

The importance of music

Music first formed in ancient time and continued to develop simultaneously with civilization. It is said that without music, our world would become boring. Why music is so Important? Why many people spend a lot of time on listening to music? In fact, music affects us more than we know. Music plays Important roles in our life: It connects people, entertains us and has other uses In particular times. First, music connects people. Different ages, different classes of people come closer getting know each other through music.Specifically, many international encores was held worldwide in a Joint effort to exchange culture and struck up or develop friendship. The countries, as a result, can lead to a multilateral development agreements. Moreover, the people in those countries can be pleased thanks to the influence of music idols. In addition, music can heal the breach between people. It reduces seriousness among those who are in debates. Familiar melodies bring back their memories, throw th em back to their happy time In the past and it reconnects them In spiritual level. Besides, music encourages humanitarian actions.People often hold charity concerts and music makes them easy to emphasize with unfortunate lives. In other words, music brings us together. Second, music entertains us In many ways. After long hours working hard, listening to our favorite rhythm can help us relax or even stimulate our brain in order to keep on working efficiency. Furthermore, after a stressful day, music is one of the best ways to entertain. It can be exciting, gentle or soft, depending on the listeners' sense. An amazing way to enjoy music is to attend concerts, theaters or just turn on TV and sites to our favorite songs.Moreover, if you can play musical instruments, it will be the best way to enjoy music. Playing music by ourselves, we understand completely the song and get closer to the singer. Music is an important part of our life. Entertainment Is the thing cannot be denied when we talk about music. Finally, music also has many good uses to people. Apparently, with music, we can express ourselves, our feeling, our thought and our emotion. For example, when we are sad, we prefer to listen to sad song like † unchain melody † In order to show our sadness. Moreover, music can create particular atmosphere for different situation.For instance, people prefer to open solemn music in some formal occasions. One more use of music is that it builds up nation esteem. Specifically, when listening to nation anthem,we are proud of our country more than ever. In short, music has many incredible uses that strongly affect our thoughts, our emotion and our work. In summary, music plays important roles in our life. Not only are the young people influenced by music but also the old can't help enjoying the rhythm. Music relaxes us, assists us with many good things but its uppermost effect Is to bring us together.It is hard for us to Imagine a world without music, that wo uld be boring and full of sadness. The importance of music By painlessly 2 is so important? Why many people spend a lot of time on listening to music? In fact, music affects us more than we know. Music plays important roles in our life: it connects people, entertains us and has other uses in particular times. Their memories, throw them back to their happy time in the past and it reconnects them in spiritual level. Besides, music encourages humanitarian actions. People often Second, music entertains us in many ways.After long hours working hard, listening to amazing way to enjoy music is to attend concerts, theaters or Just turn on TV and Entertainment is the thing cannot be denied when we talk about music. Finally, music we prefer to listen to sad song like † Unchain melody † in order to show our sadness. Influenced by music but also the old can't help enjoying the rhythm. Music relaxes us, assists us with many good things but its uppermost effect is to bring us together . It is hard for us to imagine a world without music, that would be boring and full of

Silence The Court Is In Session Essays

Silence The Court Is In Session Essays Silence The Court Is In Session Essay Silence The Court Is In Session Essay such as the Inhabitant, which often intersperses poetic and prosaic forms. A drama thus is shaped not only by the thinking of the playwright, it also draws from the long history, social and cultural of the place t is located in. Let us then look quickly at some of the aspects of drama, both in the context of India and the world. As you are probably aware ours is an old civilization with a a rich and diverse tradition of 4 drama and spectacle and we have a fairly old tradition of ancient Sanskrit drama. Eventually Sanskrit drama was slowly replaced by drama in regional languages and when we move closer to recent drama in modern times, we find drama in regional languages being translated into English, which is one of the newest languages on the Indian subcontinent. Older History Of Drama Sanskrit drama which can be traced to the ancient vided times is first recorded in the form of exchanges between some of the gods who feature in the Received. These were succeeded by a large number Of Sanskrit dramatists such as Salinas, Banality, Shudders, Savages, to name a few. In Sanskrit drama, especially in the plays of Salinas, the male protagonists spoke in Sanskrit. Usually, the women and other minor characters spoke in pail, Prairie or pastrami. This was a very evolved and sophisticated form of dramaturgy and boasts of a manual for both playwrights and actors which details at great length every aspect concerned with the production and staging of a play. Exhaustive guidelines are provided in the Intrastate, a remarkable treatise on the art, craft, aesthetics and dynamics of play production. The primary aim of Sanskrit drama was to produce harmony and provide pleasure. So dramatists kept acts of violence and death away from the stage. Most plays subjected the central characters to great trial and suffering, at the end of which they emerged stronger and usually concluded on a happy note. The subject matter was borrowed from the older stories and youths and centered around important figures of royal birth, who in turn are often visited by the gods, demons and other semi-divine beings. Kielbasas well known play Abashing Smalltalk, is the story of the birth of one of Behaviorists kings Barbara. This is a story that traces the lineage of the Purr dynasty, while exploring the love of King Thousandths for the daughter of an Pappas who lived with her foster father Kanata, in a hermitage. The earliest version of this story fleshed out in the form of a play by Salinas can be found in the epic, the Inhabitant Do read, Abashing Smalltalk if you can. This will allow you to analyses more acutely the difference in the modern Indian play and its shift from the traditional Sanskrit play. Abashing Smalltalk is available in translation and provides an important link in the history of translation. This play was discovered by anthologists in the 18th century and translated into English, German and French and was viewed with great wonder in different parts of Europe. It was also translated into Indian languages. In fact, the earliest play written in Marathon for the stage was an adaptation of Abashing Smalltalk in 1880. You may be curious to know whether there were any other influences apart from the tradition of drama in Sanskrit that shaped contemporary Indian drama. The answer to this is in the affirmative. While Sanskrit classical drama did influence theatrical representation in different parts of India, there was also the incorporation of and emergence of very rich local traditions of cultural expression. These contributed their own flavor and color to the development of new traditions in regional drama. So while Sanskrit is the primary language from which most of our modern Indian languages evolved, nee must also recognize the impetus regional theatre received from alternate traditions in each region of India. Regional Influences When we look at theatre traditions in Bengal, Kraal, Tamil Nadia or Maharajahs, for instance, we observe the rich influx of local practice that exists in each Of these regions. The popular folk 5 tradition leading to the development of Marathon theatre was the Tamales. This was a form of theatre which came into existence in the early sixteenth century in Maharajahs. Tamales was a folk tradition of theatricals and love songs called Lavish popular among the common people especially those room the Goliath and maharaja communities. One of the significant facts to remember about the Tamales is that it adapted into its practice of song, dance and story, a host of narratives from the Sanskrit tradition, namely the pursuant, the dastards and the Krishna least. The Tamales could be performed any. Veer, in an open courtyard, in a large open stretch of land or even in front of a house. Thus, as you can see it was not constrained by the absence of a proper or regular stage. The Tamales was perhaps one of the earliest community cultural activities in which women danced and sang before an audience. The classical and folk traditions of theatre were then followed by what we could broadly term the modern period in Indian Theatre. In the instance of Maharajahs, we can see the eighteenth century as the period from which we can trace the beginnings of modern Marathon theatre. Modern Marathon theatre is indebted to the contributions of Vishnu Ads Behaves adaptations of older Sanskrit narratives like Sits Samovar, in Marathon. His contribution was to present the dialogues in the form of ordinary, everyday conversations. He also used innovations like changeable scenery which he borrowed from the Western stage. Another important personage associated with modern Marathon theatre was Anna Saves Karaoke. The foundation of commercial repertoires in Marathon theatre can be dated to the time of his founding of the Karaoke Natty Mandela in 1880. Modern Influences Meanwhile a lot of English theatre also traveled to India. The early twentieth century saw a lot of English plays being staged in different parts of India. Indian theatre in the twentieth century owes a great deal to ideas and influences from across the continent, from both Europe and America. Both in the First and the Second World, idealistic men and women struggled to put cross on paper their concerns about the rights and desires of a burgeoning population. The Twentieth Century is about the spread of notions of democracy all over the world and its implementation in political governments as well. With the exception of small pockets in the world, most countries moved in the direction of governments by the people, of the people and for the people. This did not of course mean that an equal or equitable world was immediately achieved. Yet, this was a major step in that direction and several playwrights the world over began to engage with the lives of the ordinary people. Most of the characters in Modern Drama are from a new class that grew to its optimum in the twentieth century, namely the middle class. In India we also struggled in the formative years of the twentieth century with colonialism, and our own struggles for independence from British Rule. Alongside, a strong sense of our identity as Indians we also tried to negotiate the difficulties imposed by rigid caste structures and ossified gender roles and expectations. To add to this were long standing religious convictions that had again entrenched themselves in cultural practice. As a country whose people went out into the streets to fight for their right to freedom, citizenship, governance and independence, we also adopted several new ideas. Our constitution which we adopted in 1 950 speaks about these ideas and defines them as fundamental rights which accrue to every man and women, independent of his social class, and gender. We need now to see what our inspired playwrights made of these new ideas and influences. Visa Denatured: A Life You may not be aware that Denatured is one of the pioneering writers of plays for the proscenium theatre in India. Other prominent writers who wrote plays round this time are Garish Carnal and Moan Rakes. Denatured is also one of our prominent modern playwrights, reflecting and exploring the journeys of individuals through the Indian cultural milieu. As Urinated Bannered points out, he has been in the vanguard of not just Marathon but Indian theatre for the past forty years. Visa Denatured was born in Kohlrabi , Maharajahs in 1928 . He was from a Sarasota Brahmins family and his father worked as a clerk and also ran a publishing business. Kohlrabi in the 1 adds had its own Maharaja Shahs l. The world Denatured grew up in was in pre-independent India and as a young boy he was naturally attracted to the world of words and writing. He displayed a prolific interest in the same, writing his first play at the age of eleven. So he came of age in an India that was on the threshold of great changes. Denatured was witness to the fact that older feudal and traditional structures and familiar ways of life were being disrupted and changed by the new ideas of social ferment and political change in the air. Denatured was an impressionable young teenager when the Quit India Movement was in full force. Despite the reservations of his family, he joined the movement. Along with his interest in a world of ideas, Denatured was deeply absorbed in the everyday world around him. His first job was that of a journalist with a Marathon weekly that was published from Pun(then Pomona). He worked as a journalist for a great number of years, and eventually shifted to Iambi (then Bombay), as the Chief Sub-editor of a Marathon Daily Subsequently he worked as a freelance writer and he was a regular columnist for The Maharajahs Times. The year 1948 saw him as the editor of Navigate. Alongside regular journalistic activity, Denatured also found outlets to his creative writing through short stories. Discovering that his narratives contained a surfeit of dialogues, he experimented with writing one act plays. This lead eventually to his writing full fledged plays. He continued to live in Iambi for the rest Of his life. As you already know, Denatured began his career writing for newspapers. He had also written two plays, ?muchvary Kong Prep Karar (Who will Love us? ), and the Graduates (The Householder). His early attempts at playwriting did not receive much appreciation and he decided never to write again. Something like this happened to an aspiring playwright in the Nineteenth Century in England, Robert Browning. He moved from writing plays to writing poems, and popularized the dramatic monologue through his poetry. Denatured however continued writing plays in spite of the plays not being received favorably. In 1956 he wrote Chairman, which was to establish him as a significant playwright. This play also saw the arrival of Denatured, the playwright who was ready to explore unconventional themes and look closely at the many changes that were taking place in the society around him. Chairman startled the conservative audience of the times. It has a rather radical storyline; an married young woman decides to keep her unborn child while her rich father tries to buy her a husband in an attempt to save his social prestige. In Chairman Denatured plunges deep into the heart of middle class morality, challenging social codes and questioning taboos. This questioning remains of central importance in all of his plays. In a writing career spanning more than five decades, Denatured has written 30 full length plays and 23 one-act plays. Several of his plays have gone on to become classics of the Marathon theatre as well as modern Indian Theatre. His plays have been translated and performed in many Indian languages. Gresham Kowtow (Gresham the Constable) (1972), a musical combining Marathon 7 folk performance styles and contemporary theatrical techniques, is one of the longest-running plays in the world, with over six thousand performances in India and abroad, in the original and in translation. Denatured has a prolific output of writing to his credit and it is not possible to discuss each and every one of his plays keeping in mind the limitations of this study material. It would be a good idea for you to read some of Tendernesss plays in order to familiarize yourself with his writing. Shanty as you all know is a play in Three Acts. Like Chairman, the protagonist of this play deals with an unconventional woman. Her experience places her in a vulnerable position in a rigid society that runs on hidebound codes. The young woman and the choices she makes are seen as threatening the very edifice of the society she lives in. Her existence therefore becomes problematic and she is perforce silenced in the course of the play. World Of The Play Silence! The Court Is In Session is a play in three acts dealing with the lives of ordinary people in a small town. Coming from diverse backgrounds, around ten characters are engaged in a group activity. They are members of The Sonar Motif Tenement (Bombay) progressive Association (ESMTP). This is a socially committed group whose prime objective is to facilitate awareness around important issues affecting the community or the world. These are raised for discussion by the various members of the group who enact a court- room scenario. Denatured borrows from court proceedings in order to stage a mock-trial. For this particular evening, the group is meeting to perform a mock trial protesting against President Johnnys production of atomic weapons. The idea of a mock trial in order to engage the audience is a reliant strategy adopted by Denatured. In doing so, he borrows from an important institution made available for the resolution of civilian problems in the modern world, namely, the world of the law courts wherein the highest secular principles of the law are enshrined. The officials of the court are meant to uphold the rights of the individual and they legislate accordingly, keeping in view larger principles, duties and responsibilities. Courts and the justice they deliver are perforce meant to be free of prejudice and bias. We need to examine whether such objective evaluation and bias free justice is dad available in the course of the play. Denatured uses the possibilities of an open discussion forum which the court provides in order to introduce to us a motley group of characters who are thrown together and perforce create a small social community when they decide to stage a mock trial. Social work ostensibly is the glue that binds the different characters together. As you now know the play is divided into three Acts. Read each Act carefully? What do you think are the salient features of each of the three acts? Is there any distinct difference that you could notice between one act and the succeeding act? As you know all three acts take place in the same hall. In the first act, the play swings into action in an empty hall presumably used for a lot of public functions in the village such as speeches, receptions, weddings, womens afghans and magic shows. We are introduced to all the characters in the play in the first act itself as all the members of the ESMTP begin to assemble for rehearsals. 8 List Of Characters In Order Of Appearance: Aragua Samoan: Appears on the stage holding a green cloth parrot. Is a young man, who earns enough to keep body and soul together, in his own words. He lives With his brother and sister-in -law, is unmarried and dotes on his nephew. He is a mild-mannered and friendly young man. Runs chores for the group and is asked to act as the fourth witness. 2. Ella Banner: is a school teacher of eight years standing. She comes across as a vivacious and unconventional woman. She seems to have a mind of her own and is very forthright. She has a sense of fun. She is also able to laugh at the foibles and eccentricities of the various members in the group. 3. Saturate: Arrives on stage along with the rest of the characters. He is introduced as a lawyer in the stage directions. He comes in smoking a ebbed. 4. Servant: Possibly a porter hired from the station, he is one of the general factotum which arrives on stage. He carries two wooden enclosures, the dock and the witness box, puts these down on the left side of the wings, returns to face Pones, is paid money for his services and leaves the stage. 5. Ball Rocked: As a young boy he was given shelter by the Karakas, who fed, clothed and educated him while he ran errands and performed odd jobs for them. He accompanies them and takes orders from them. 6. Pones: Is introduced as the Science student. Ella Banner tells us that he as failed his intermediate examinations, these are examinations that would have allowed him to join the university. Pones smokes a pipe, has taken his inter exams for the second time and works as a clerk at the Central Telegraph office. 7. Mrs.. Shakier: Banner introduces her as The-hand-that-rocks -the-cradle. Yet, Mrs. Shakier, although she is given this epithet has no children of her own. Her role, it is suggested at the outset is one of providing nurture and secondary support as a housewife. The use of a married title Mrs.. And her husbands surname are the only way in which she is represented throughout he play. This perhaps is her only public identity. She is known as the wife of Mr.. Shakier. It is her husband who calls all the shots and is shown as very rude to her, putting her down and cutting her short on every occasion. The taking on Of a marriage usually involves a change Of the surname for a woman. The man retains his own name. This is accepted as conventional practice all over the world. There are feminists who have voiced their apprehensions about how this change of surname indicates the subservient status that a woman occupies in contrast to her husband, including a gradual erosion of female identity and selfless. Today a small percentage of women do use their own surnames. 8. Mr.. Shakier: The dominant spouse, he has indulged his wife by stopping on the way to the hall and buying her flowers to put in her hair. He is referred to as the chairman of the group by Banner and sees himself as a man of superior intelligence. He is shown to have 9 a great sense of self-importance and sees himself as undertaking any and every action only with Prime objectives in view. 9. Local Resident 10. Sarnia is an experimental theatre actor, shown as habituated to chewing pan As you will notice, there are minor characters and there are major characters even in a play like Shanty which does not have a conventional romantic storyline. For instance, in Abashing Smalltalk, the narrative begins with the king out on a hunt. In the process he strays into a hermitage and encounters with a beautiful young woman to whom he is attracted. Over Seven Acts, Salinas traces the moods Of love, longing, parting, separation, misunderstanding and eventual reunion over a period of a few years. In Shanty, the action of the play takes place over a single evening. There are young men and a young woman in this play. However the play is not an exploration of romantic love that blossoms into commitment and adult responsibility. We see instead a cross section of people from the middle-class who have assembled together for staging a mock-trial on issues that concern them. These different people may never have met each other were it not for the Sonar Motif Tenement. With the exception of the Karakas who are husband and wife and Ball Rocked, who has been raised by them, the rest of the characters connect with each other through dealings in a very public world. Each member of the group is different from the other in terms of age,